Among other categorization, there are two types of coding, which shape how codebooks are developed, i.e., inductive coding and deductive coding. In inductive analysis, the codebook is developed based on what we find in the data, as the showcase in Chapter 9, and deductive coding uses a pre-determined framework or an existing theory as the codebook.
Developing codebooks from the data
To develop the codebook from the data, the research team members who are involved in coding the data need to code together several papers, field notes, interview transcripts, or other materials to be able to develop exhausted themes for the codebook. According to Hennink & Kaiser (2022) 
and Lu et al. (2024) , the theme saturation is usually reached after coding on average 10-13 interviews. Obviously, two interviews as in our showcase in Chapter 9 are not adequate.
- Breaking down the research questions into several parts if possible
- Determine what part of the text is intended for coding. In coding a paper, whether the team only code result section, and whether the discussion section is also included. If the answer to the research question cannot be found in the result section, which section should be read next.
- The same information might appears in several parts of the text. So the team needs to decide which part should be prioritized, or whether the same information should be coded multiple times.
- Some information might be represented by one phrase or one clause, so the team needs to decide whether to code only this phrase or clause, or whether to code the whole sentence.
This protocol can be revisited and revised during the coding because the same protocol will be used when each team member codes the rest of the data independently. In addition, this protocol needs to be reported in the systematic literature review paper for transparency and replicability.
Developing codebooks based on predetermined framework
Developing codebooks from an established framework gives some benefit to researchers. For example, one of the most frequently used framework in education is Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT)